B♭ (musical note)

B♭ (B-flat; also called si bémol) is the eleventh step of the Western chromatic scale (starting from C). It lies a diatonic semitone above Aand a chromatic semitone below B, thus being enharmonic to A♯, even though in some musical tunings, B♭ will have a different sounding pitch than A♯. B-flat is also enharmonic to C  .

When calculated in equal temperament with a reference of Aabove middle C as 440 Hz, the frequency of the B♭ above middle C is approximately 466.164 Hz. See pitch (music) for a discussion of historical variations in frequency.

While orchestras tune to an A provided by the oboist, wind ensembles usually tune to a B-flat provided by a tuba, horn, or clarinet.

In Germany, Russia, Poland and Scandinavia, this pitch is designated B, with 'H' used to designate the B-natural. Since the 1990s, B-flat is often denoted Bb or "Bess" instead of B in Swedish music textbooks. Natural B is called B by Swedish jazz and pop musicians, but still denoted H in classical music. See B (musical note) for an explanation.

Designation by octave

Scientificdesignation	Helmholtzdesignation	Octave name	Frequency (Hz)
B♭−1	B♭͵͵͵ or ͵͵͵B♭ or BBBB♭	Subsubcontra	14.568
B♭0	B♭͵͵ or ͵͵B♭ or BBB♭	Subcontra	29.135
B♭1	B♭͵ or ͵B♭ or BB♭	Contra	58.270
B♭2	B♭	Great	116.541
B♭3	b♭	Small	233.082
B♭4	b♭′	One-lined	466.164
B♭5	b♭′′	Two-lined	932.328
B♭6	b♭′′′	Three-lined	1864.655
B♭7	b♭′′′′	Four-lined	3729.310
B♭8	b♭′′′′′	Five-lined	7458.620
B♭9	b♭′′′′′′	Six-lined	14917.240
B♭10	b♭′′′′′′′	Seven-lined	29834.481

Scales

Common scales beginning on B♭

• B-flat major: B♭ C D E♭ F G A B♭
• B-flat natural minor: B♭ C D♭E♭ F G♭ A♭ B♭
• B-flat harmonic minor: B♭ C D♭ E♭ F G♭ A B♭
• B-flat melodic minor ascending: B♭ C D♭ E♭ F G A B♭
• B-flat melodic minor descending: B♭ A♭ G♭ F E♭ D♭ C B♭

Diatonic scales

• B♭ Ionian: B♭ C D E♭ F G A B♭
• B♭ Dorian: B♭ C D♭ E♭ F G A♭ B♭
• B♭ Phrygian: B♭ C♭ D♭ E♭F G♭ A♭ B♭
• B♭ Lydian: B♭ C D E F G A B♭
• B♭ Mixolydian: B♭ C D E♭ F G A♭ B♭
• B♭ Aeolian: B♭ C D♭ E♭ F G♭ A♭ B♭
• B♭ Locrian: B♭ C♭ D♭ E♭F♭ G♭ A♭ B♭

Jazz melodic minor

• B♭ ascending melodic minor: B♭ C D♭ E♭ F G A B♭
• B♭ Dorian ♭2: B♭ C♭ D♭E♭ F G A♭ B♭
• B♭ Lydian augmented: B♭ C D E F♯ G A B♭
• B♭ Lydian dominant: B♭ C D E F G A♭ B♭
• B♭ Mixolydian ♭6: B♭ C D E♭ F G♭ A♭ B♭
• B♭ Locrian ♮2: B♭ C D♭ E♭F♭ G♭ A♭ B♭
• B♭ altered: B♭ C♭ D♭ E F♭ G♭ A♭ B♭

Solmization in Music

Solmization

Solmization is a system of attributing a distinct syllable to each note in a musical scale. Various forms of solmization are in use and have been used throughout the world, but solfège is the most common convention in Europe and The Americas.

Guidonian hand

Overview

The seven syllables normally used for this practice in English-speaking countries are: do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, and ti (with sharpened notes of di, ri, fi, si, li and flattened notes of te, le, se, me, ra).

Guido of Arezzo is widely considered to be the origin of the European tradition of solmization. In Guido's Micrologus (1026), the ut–re–mi–fa–so–la syllables are derived from the initial syllables of each of the first six half-lines of the first stanza of the hymn Ut queant laxis, whose text is attributed to the Italian monk and scholar Paulus Diaconus. Giovanni Battista Doni is known for having changed the name of note "Ut" (C), renaming it "Do" (in the "Do Re Mi ..." sequence known as solfège). An alternative explanation, first proposed by Franciszek Meninski in Thesaurus Linguarum Orientalum (1680) and later by J.-B. Laborde in Essai sur la Musique Ancienne et Moderne(1780), is that the syllables were derived from the Arabic solmization system درر مفصّلات Durar Mufaṣṣalāt ("Separated Pearls") (dāl, rā', mīm, fā', ṣād, lām, tā') during the Middle Ages, but there is no documentary evidence for it.

In India, the origin of solmization was to be found in Vedic texts like the Upanishads, which discuss a musical system of seven notes, realized ultimately in what is known as sargam. In Indian classical music, the notes in order are: sa, re, ga, ma, pa, dha, and ni, which correspond to the Western solfege system.

Byzantine music uses syllables derived from the Greek alphabet to name notes: starting with C, the notes are ni (eta), pa (alpha), vu(beta), ga (gamma), di (delta), ke(epsilon), zo (zeta).

In Han people's music in China, the words used to name notes are (from fa to mi): 上 (siong or shang4), 尺 (cei or chi3), 工 (gong), 凡 (huan or fan2), 六 (liuo or liu4), 五 (ngou or wu3), 乙 (yik or yi3). The system is used for teaching sight-singing.

In Japanese music, the first line of Iroha, an ancient poem used as an "ABC" of traditional kana, is used for solmization. The syllables representing the notes A, B, C, D, E, F, G are i, ro, ha, ni, ho, he, torespectively. Shakuhachi musical notation uses another solmization system beginning "Fu Ho U".

In Indonesia, Javanese musicians derive syllables from numbers; ji-ro-lu-[pi]-ma-nem (siji, loro, telu, [papat, normally skipped in pentatonic scales], lima, enem).

In Scotland, Canntaireachd was used as a means of communicating bagpipe music verbally.

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12 Basic keys (tonic) in music

12 main keys in western music.

The chart above display the basic 12 keys(tonic) we have in music.

KEYS : C : C# the same with Db : D : D# the same with Eb : E : F : F# the same with Gb : G : G# the same with Ab : A : A# the same with Bb : B : = 12

SOLFA : d : de/ra : r : re /ma : m : f : fe/sa : s : se/ : l : le /ta : t =12

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