B (musical note)

B, also known as Si, Ti,

or, in some European countries, H, is the seventh note of the fixed-Do solfège. Its enharmonic equivalents are C♭ and A  .

When calculated in equal temperament with a reference of Aabove middle C as 440 Hz, the frequency of Middle B (B₄) is approximately 493.883 Hz. See pitch (music) for a discussion of historical variations in frequency.

Designation by octave

Scientificdesignation	Helmholtzdesignation	Octave name	Frequency (Hz)
B−1	B͵͵͵ or ͵͵͵B or BBBB	Subsubcontra	15.434
B0	B͵͵ or ͵͵B or BBB	Subcontra	30.868
B1	B͵ or ͵B or BB	Contra	61.735
B2	B	Great	123.471
B3	b	Small	246.942
B4	b′	One-lined	493.883
B5	b′′	Two-lined	987.767
B6	b′′′	Three-lined	1,975.533
B7	b′′′′	Four-lined	3,951.066
B8	b′′′′′	Five-lined	7,902.133
B9	b′′′′′′	Six-lined	15804.266
B10	b′′′′′′′	Seven-lined	31608.532

Scales

Common scales beginning on B

• B major: B C♯ D♯ E F♯ G♯A♯ B
• B natural minor: B C♯ D E F♯ G A B
• B Harmonic minor: B C♯ D E F♯ G A♯ B
• B Melodic minor ascending: B C♯ D E F♯ G♯ A♯ B
• B melodic minor descending: B A G F♯ E D C♯ B

Diatonic scales

• B Ionian: B C♯ D♯ E F♯ G♯A♯ B
• B Dorian: B C♯ D E F♯ G♯ A B
• B Phrygian: B C D E F♯ G A B
• B Lydian: B C♯ D♯ E♯ F♯G♯ A♯ B
• B Mixolydian: B C♯ D♯ E F♯G♯ A B
• B Aeolian: B C♯ D E F♯ G A B
• B Locrian: B C D E F G A B

Jazz melodic minor

• B Ascending melodic minor: B C♯ D E F♯ G♯ A♯ B
• B Dorian ♭2: B C D E F♯ G♯ A B
• B Lydian augmented: B C♯ D♯E♯ F  G♯ A♯ B
• B Lydian dominant: B C♯ D♯E♯ F♯ G♯ A B
• B Mixolydian ♭6: B C♯ D♯ E F♯ G A B
• B Locrian ♮2: B C♯ D E F G A B
• B Altered: B C D E♭ F G A B

Variation of meaning by geographical region

The referent of the musical note B varies by location. See note for a discussion on other differences in letter naming of the notes.

In the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, and the Netherlands, as described above, B usually refers to the note a semitone below C, while B-flatrefers to the note a whole tonebelow C.

However, in Germany, Central and Eastern Europe, and Scandinavia, the label B is used for what, above, is called B-flat, and the note a semitone below C is called H. This makes possible certain spellings which are otherwise impossible, such as the BACH motif.

A b (musical note)

A♭ (musical note)

A♭ (A-flat; also called la bémol) is the ninth semitone of the solfège.

A (musical note)

La or A

is the sixth note of the fixed-do solfège. Its enharmonic equivalents are B (Heses) which is a diatonic semitone above A♭ and G (Gisis) which is a diatonic semitone below A♯.

A440 Play .

"A" is generally used as a standard for tuning. When the orchestra tunes, the oboe plays an "A" and the rest of the instruments tune to match that pitch. Every string instrument in the orchestra has an A string, from which each player can tune the rest of their instrument.

"A" is also used in combination with a number (e.g. A-440) to label the pitch standard. The number designates the frequency in hertz. A lower number equals a lower pitch.

By an international treaty signed in 1939, modern pitch is standardized at A-440. However, tuning has varied over time, geographical region, or instrument maker. In 17th-century Europe, tunings ranged from about A-374 to A-403, approximately two to three semitones below A-440. Historical examples exist of instruments, tuning forks, or standards ranging from A-309 to A-455.3, a difference of almost six semitones. Although the official standard today is A-440, some orchestral groups and chamber groups prefer to tune a little higher, at A-442 or even A-444. Baroque pitch is usually cited as A-415, which is a semitone lower than modern pitch.

A0 is the lowest note on the standard piano. The octaves follow A1, A2, etc. A7 is a few pitches lower than C8, the highest note on the standard piano. The note "A" is not considered to be a certain milestone or mark to hit with voice as, for example, Tenor C is, but it can be extremely demanding in certain octaves.

Designation by octave

Scientificdesignation	Helmholtzdesignation	Octave name	Frequency (Hz)	Sound sample
A−1	A͵͵͵ or ͵͵͵A or AAAA	Subsubcontra	13.75
A0	A͵͵ or ͵͵A or AAA	Subcontra	27.50
A1	A͵ or ͵A or AA	Contra	55
A2	A	Great	110
A3	a	Small	220
A4	a′	One-lined	440
A5	a′′	Two-lined	880
A6	a′′′	Three-lined	1760
A7	a′′′′	Four-lined	3520
A8	a′′′′′	Five-lined	7040
A9	a′′′′′′	Six-lined	14080
A10	a′′′′′′′	Seven-lined	28160

Scales

Common scales beginning on A

• A major: A B C♯ D E F♯ G♯ A
• A natural minor: A B C D E F G A
• A harmonic minor: A B C D E F G♯ A
• A melodic minor ascending: A B C D E F♯ G♯ A
• A melodic minor descending: A G F E D C B A

Diatonic scales

• A Ionian: A B C♯ D E F♯ G♯ A
• A Dorian: A B C D E F♯ G A
• A Phrygian: A B♭ C D E F G A
• A Lydian: A B C♯ D♯ E F♯G♯ A
• A Mixolydian: A B C♯ D E F♯ G A
• A Aeolian: A B C D E F G A
• A Locrian: A B♭ C D E♭ F G A

Jazz melodic minor

• A Ascending melodic minor: A B C D E F♯ G♯ A
• A Dorian ♭2: A B♭ C D E F♯ G A
• A Lydian augmented: A B C♯D♯ E♯ F♯ G♯ A
• A Lydian dominant: A B C♯ D♯E F♯ G A
• A Mixolydian ♭6: A B C♯ D E F G A
• A Locrian ♮2: A B C D E♭ F G A
• A Altered: A B♭ C D♭ E♭ F G A
• Website: www.ebadungstrings.blogspot.com 

Yesu ya na bada kwame kauta

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The effects of social media on youth.

 INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA TOWARDS YOUTH

 Social media can be defined as the facilities and tools that reduce the world to a global village; websites and applications that enables users to create, share contents and participate in social networking. The social media platform provides opportunities for users to create online communities to share ideas, information, personal messages, etc. Some of the social media applications include Facebook, Instagram, You-tube, My Space, Twitter, Skype, LinkedIn, etc.

Social  media  encourages  unethical  videos,  chatting, images  that  generate  difference  of  opinion  among  them. Such postings are weakening the affiliation between nations. As  the  youth  are  immature  they  fall  victim  to  the  cyber bullying. This affects the mental and emotional health of the youth and  leads to  suicide. As there  is lack  of privacy  in social media  site there  are chances of  misusing the  private information by a third party. Due to use of social networking face to face interaction  is getting  reduced. It  spreads false rumors  and  unreliable  information.  Criminals  use  social media to commit crimes. It supports amateur medical advice which is critical and life-threatening

Youths are predominantly the users of the Internet for social interaction. These are the people who cannot imagine life without the Internet, the group seeking for ways to connect virtually to everyone in the world. With over half of the Nigerian population under 30 years of age, they are the ones more frequent on the Internet. We must harness the creativeness of the youth for the economic growth of Nigeria. Bearing in mind that the internet opens up a world of possibilities and opportunities to the youths, the consequences of ignorantly using social media by the youths should not be overlooked.

Whereas we are aware that the social media can have positive effects on the youths, we cannot discountenance the negative effects it also has on the youths. Several studies have been conducted on this and we outline below some of the positive and negative effects of social media on the youths.

The various social platforms provide the youths with:

1. Great communication Tools to connect with loved ones and old friends irrespective of locations.
2. Access to positive and free information being shared on Social Media.
3. Opportunities to promote their businesses to a larger and wider audience.
4. Social Capital.
5. An avenue to contribute to emotional wellbeing of others by offering positive advices.
6. Opportunities to launch businesses online
7. Opportunities to market businesses online at little or no cost.
8. Real time sharing of information for businesses through paid and unpaid advertising.

The negative effects of Social Media on youths cannot be overlooked and can be overwhelming. It can have harmful effects on the youths if not controlled. Some of these effects include:

Lack of control of and over personal information: 

Youths post private information online without realising the associated risks.

Cyber bullying

Mental Health issues

Lack of Morals

Spread and ability to amplify Fake News

Exposure to adult information

Indirect encouragement of high rate of scam on social media

Poor grades from the academic pursuits

Long hours on Social Media platforms

Peer pressure

Addiction to social media

 

To ensure the safety of the youth online, it is strongly recommended that:

We have adequate and effective Online child protection laws

Parents as a matter of urgency should monitor the activities of their wards on the Social Media.

Government should empower the youths so as to engage them in more meaningful and constructive activities.

A cyber monitoring team should be set by schools to checkmate the effects of illegal activities of the Social Media.

The youth should be educated on the proper use of the Internet and Social Media.

We must guide the youths and limit their exposure to the negativity of social media. We must ensure appropriate laws are in place to protect them against the exposure to Social Media. We must channel their activities on the social media to yield positive results.

God bless you....

Writer : Ezekiel Ebadung 

Website:www.ebadungstrings.blogspot.com

Contact :08135349681